Using olfactory molecular specificity, we examined the inheritance of parental traumatic
exposure, a phenomenon that has been frequently observed, but not understood. We
subjected F0 mice to odor fear conditioning before conception and found that subsequently …

Antidepressants are known to increase brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA in
the adult rat brain. The BDNF gene has four differentially regulated promoters that generate
four transcript forms, each containing a unique non-coding 5′ exon (exon I–IV) and a …

Stress regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is implicated in the
hippocampal damage observed in depression. BDNF has a complex gene structure with
four 5′ untranslated exons (I–IV) with unique promoters, and a common 3′ coding exon …

Electroconvulsive seizure (ECS) induces structural remodelling in the adult mammalian
brain, including an increase in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. The molecular
mechanisms that underlie this increase in the proliferation of adult hippocampal progenitors …

Gene expression and regulation is an important sculptor of the behavior of organisms.
Epigenetic mechanisms regulate gene expression not by altering the genetic alphabet but
rather by the addition of chemical modifications to proteins associated with the alphabet or of …

The Mars Exploration Rover mission is one of NASA's most ambitious science missions to
date. Launched in the summer of 2003, each rover carries instruments for conducting remote
and in site observations to elucidate the planet's past climate, water activity, and habitability …

Fear and anxiety are debilitating conditions that affect a significant number of individuals in
their lifetimes. Understanding underlying mechanisms of these disorders affords us the
possibility of therapeutic intervention. Such clarity in terms of mechanism and intervention …

The centromedial amygdala (CeM), a subdivision of the central amygdala (CeA), is believed
to be the main output station of the amygdala for fear expression. We provide evidence that
the Tac2 gene, expressed by neurons specifically within the CeM, is required for modulating …

Background and Methods Osteoporosis is a recognized complication of corticosteroid
therapy. Whether it can be prevented is not known. We conducted a 12-month, randomized,
placebo-controlled study of intermittent etidronate (400 mg per day for 14 days) followed by …

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is expressed at high levels in the hippocampus,
where it has been implicated in physiological functions such as the modulation of synaptic
strength as well as in the pathophysiology of epileptic seizures. BDNF expression is highly …