The time it takes to switch on and off electric current determines the rate at which signals can
be processed and sampled in modern information technology 1, 2, 3, 4. Field-effect
transistors 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 are able to control currents at frequencies of the order of or higher …

The control of the electric and optical properties of semiconductors with microwave fields
forms the basis of modern electronics, information processing and optical communications.
The extension of such control to optical frequencies calls for wideband materials such as …

Advances in optical spectroscopy and microscopy have had a profound impact throughout
the physical, chemical and biological sciences. One example is coherent Raman
spectroscopy, a versatile technique interrogating vibrational transitions in molecules. It offers …

Laser frequency combs, sources with a spectrum consisting of hundred thousands evenly
spaced narrow lines, have an exhilarating potential for new approaches to molecular
spectroscopy and sensing in the mid-infrared region. The generation of such broadband …

A few‐cycle, broadband, singly‐resonant optical parametric oscillator (OPO) for the mid‐
infrared based on MgO‐doped periodically‐poled LiNbO3 (MgO: PPLN), synchronously
pumped by a 20‐fs Ti: sapphire laser is reported. By using crystal interaction lengths as …

Polycomb group proteins (PCGs) are involved in repression of genes that are required for
stem cell differentiation. Recently, it was shown that promoters of PCG target genes (PCGTs)
are 12-fold more likely to be methylated in cancer than non-PCGTs. Age is the most …

In order to study possible toxic side effects of potential drug compounds in vitro a reliable
test system is needed. Predicting liver toxicity presents a major challenge of particular
importance as liver cells grown in a cell culture suffer from a rapid loss of their liver specific …

Background Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is frequently performed as a definitive
bariatric procedure today. Quantitative data on the detailed anatomy of the stomach after
LSG are yet sparse. Methods Thirty-two multislice computed tomography (MSCT) data sets …

The data-acquisition system of the CMS experiment at the LHC performs the read-out and
assembly of events accepted by the first level hardware trigger. Assembled events are made
available to the high-level trigger which selects interesting events for offline storage and …

METHODS: Sixty male Wistar rats were randomized to six groups. The control group (n= 10)
had an end-to-end ileal anastomosis without RIPC. The preconditioned groups (n= 34)
varied in time of ischemia and time of reperfusion. One group received the amino acid L …