One of the most rigorously investigated problems in modern neuroscience is to decipher the
mechanisms by which experience-induced changes in the central nervous system are
translated into behavioral acquisition, consolidation, retention, and subsequent recall of …

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is emerging as a key mediator of activity-
dependent modifications of synaptic strength in the CNS. We investigated the hypothesis
that BDNF enhances quantal neurotransmitter release by modulating the distribution of …

Objectives.—To improve end-of-life decision making and reduce the frequency of a
mechanically supported, painful, and prolonged process of dying. Design.—A 2-year
prospective observational study (phase I) with 4301 patients followed by a 2-year controlled …

Electromagnetic-based methods of stimulating brain activity require invasive procedures or
have other limitations. Deep-brain stimulation requires surgically implanted electrodes.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation does not require surgery, but suffers from low spatial …

Possessing the ability to noninvasively elicit brain circuit activity yields immense
experimental and therapeutic power. Most currently employed neurostimulation methods
rely on the somewhat invasive use of stimulating electrodes or photon-emitting devices. Due …

Improved methods of noninvasively modulating human brain function are needed. Here we
probed the influence of transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) targeted to the human
primary somatosensory cortex (S1) on sensory-evoked brain activity and sensory …

The refinement and plasticity of neuronal connections require synaptic activity and
neurotrophin signalling; their specific contributions and interplay are, however, poorly
understood. We show here that brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) increased spine …

A fundamental difference between short-term and long-term forms of synaptic plasticity is the
dependence on transcription and translation of new genes. Using organotypic cultures of
hippocampal slices, we have investigated whether the modulation of synapses by brain …

Synaptic vesicles are recycled locally within presynaptic specializations. We examined how
vesicles are reused after endocytosis, using transgenic mice expressing the genetically
encoded fluorescent indicator synaptopHluorin in subsets of neurons. At both excitatory and …

Brain stimulation methods are indispensable to the study of brain function. They have also
proven effective for treating some neurological disorders. Historically used for medical
imaging, ultrasound (US) has recently been shown to be capable of noninvasively …