Electromagnetic-based methods of stimulating brain activity require invasive procedures or
have other limitations. Deep-brain stimulation requires surgically implanted electrodes.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation does not require surgery, but suffers from low spatial …

Possessing the ability to noninvasively elicit brain circuit activity yields immense
experimental and therapeutic power. Most currently employed neurostimulation methods
rely on the somewhat invasive use of stimulating electrodes or photon-emitting devices. Due …

Brain stimulation methods are indispensable to the study of brain function. They have also
proven effective for treating some neurological disorders. Historically used for medical
imaging, ultrasound (US) has recently been shown to be capable of noninvasively …

Microglia are damage sensors for the central nervous system (CNS), and the phagocytes
responsible for routine non-inflammatory clearance of dead brain cells 1. Here we show that
the TAM receptor tyrosine kinases Mer and Axl 2 regulate these microglial functions. We find …

William J. Tyler is a synaptic physiologist holding an Assistant Professorship of
Neurobiology and Bioimaging at Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. He earned a BS
and Ph. D. from the University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA before conducting his …

Microglia are the intrinsic immune sentinels of the central nervous system. Their activation
restricts tissue injury and pathogen spread, but in some settings, including viral infection, this
response can contribute to cell death and disease. Identifying mechanisms that control …

(DBS), optogenetic, transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS), and transcranial magnetic
stimulation (TMS). TMS and tDCS are noninvasive techniques whereas DBS and
optogenetic require surgical implantation of electrodes or light emitting devices. All …

There has been increasing interest in understanding the role of the human microbiome in
skin diseases. Microbiome studies are being utilized in skin cancer research in numerous
ways. Commensal bacteria are being studied as a potential tool to judge the biggest …